Clinical Depression A Disease Like Any free essay sample

Other. Essay, Research Paper Clinical Depression: a disease like any other. Clinical depression is defined as # 8220 ; a temper or emotional province that is marked by unhappiness, inaction and a decreased ability to bask life # 8221 ; ( 2:21 ) . Depression is really different from the blues that people feel at one clip or another. It is an unwellness, the same manner that malignant neoplastic disease or diabetes are unwellnesss. Depression affects the full organic structure and non merely the head. In most instances, it can be successfully treated. This disease affects all ages, all races, all economic groups and both gender. Depression is one of the prima causes of alcohol addiction, drug maltreatment, other dependences and self-destruction. Depression was diagnosed as far back as in the times of Hippocrates, an ancient Grecian doctor, who called the disease melancholia. He viewed it as an unnatural behaviour which was caused by other diseases. Hippocrates recommended remainder, exercising and a alteration in 1s diet as intervention to this unwellness. Later, in the in-between ages, this unnatural behaviour was considered to be a consequence of diabolic ownership. It was treated with dispossession, welting and anguish to drive the evil liquors from the organic structure. It wasn # 8217 ; t until the late 19th and early twentieth centuries that doctors had a more scientific position on depression. Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer discovered that depression is a psychological and non a diabolic force or organic abnormalcy. Depression is caused by many factors. The loss of a loved one during childhood or other traumatic experiments ( Internet Explorer. maltreatment ) can increase individual # 8217 ; s opportunities of developing depression subsequently on in life. The figure one cause of depression is stress. The mundane emphasiss in life can construct up and do a individual to interrupt down wholly. Scientists have found that depression can be caused by # 8220 ; the faulty ordinances of release of one or more of course happening endocrines in the encephalon ( norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine ) # 8221 ; ( Nemroff, portion 16 ) . When these endocrines are non regulated decently in the encephalon, it causes the down temper. In recent old ages, scientists have found more A ; more grounds, through research, that depression may caused by a familial defect and it may be familial. # 8220 ; Surveies of indistinguishable twins ( who are genetically identical ) and fraternal twins ( whose cistrons by and large are no more likewise than those of other pair siblings ) besides support an inherit constituent # 8221 ; ( Peterson 1417 ) . These surveies have shown that depression is greater in a brace of indistinguishable twins than in fraternal twins. Although surveies on this theory expression conclusive, geneticists are yet to happen the exact cistron on which this disease can be located on. In many instances, the instances, the cause of 1s depression is really difficult to trap point. The sick person may hold experienced something so traumatising that the event may hold been blocked off from their witting memory. Different people suffer from depression for different grounds. But in every instance of depression, the symptoms are ever similar. Some of the more apparent symptoms are: Persistent unhappiness, anxiety, empty temper Feeling of hopelessness, pessimism Loss of involvement of activities Insomnia, oversleeping Loss of appetite and/or weight loss or gorging Fatigue, decreased energy Ideas of decease or self-destruction Restlessness, crossness Concentration loss, memory loss Without intervention, these symptoms can last for hebdomads, months or old ages. Not everyone who is depressed will see every symptom because there are assorted types of depression. The most common depression is called dysthmia or mild depression. # 8220 ; This status involves chronic down temper, and hapless s elf-esteem† ( †Types† , portion 3 ) Peoples with mild depression can work but are ever sad. In many instances, the causes of dysthmia can non be explained. A individual can steal into dysthmia every bit easy as catching a cold. The following type of depression is called major depression. Major depression causes desperation and hopelessness to an extreme that the sick person loses complete involvement in their life and reaches a point that are incapable of feeling pleasance. Major depression besides causes people to remain in bed for yearss and non eat for yearss. Like dysthmia, frequently major depression sick persons try to perpetrate self-destruction and frequently win. Bipolar upset, the 3rd type of depression, is besides known as frenzied depression. # 8220 ; This upset involves major depressive episodes jumping with high-energy periods or wildly unrealistic activity # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; Types # 8221 ; , portion 13 ) . For illustration, a frenzied depressive can name at 4am and say that they are traveling to Las Vegas to get married Frank Sinatra and star in a musical. This behavior seems normal to them but is really irrational to foreigners. The last 2 types of depression are # 8220 ; Atypical Depression # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Post-Partum Depression # 8221 ; . Atypical depression is when a individual feels gloomy for a twosome of yearss and so is all right. This keeps jumping until the sick person breaks down wholly and needs speedy medical attending. Post-partum depression is a mild unhappiness and anxiety that new female parents frequently experience. Often the cause of post-partum is the bead in endocrine degree after the babe is delivered. When a adult female in pregnant, there are high degrees of female sex endocrines that circulate and this is wholly reduced after bringing which causes biochemical depression. Equally shortly as a individual is diagnosed with depression, it is highly importantto Begin intervention. There are 2 chief signifiers of intervention for depression. The first intervention is normally psychotherapy. This signifier of intervention attempts to alter the manner patients think and interact with others. The 2nd method of intervention is the prescribing of anti-depressant medicines. Anti-depressant medicines send nervus urges to the encephalon to trip the circulation of the inactive endocrines. # 8220 ; They elevate temper in 60 to 80 per centum of people who use them as directed # 8221 ; ( # 8221 ; Anti-Depressants # 8221 ; 247 ) . Depression is such a complex disease. This likely due to the fact that it is a upset or the encephalon and scientists have merely begun to detect the enigmas of encephalon. A individual that slips into depression merely like cathing a cold makes depression an even bigger enigma. Even after patients of depression are decently diagnosed and treated, some backsliding and faux pas back into a greater depression. This, rather frequently, can non be explained which makes it even more frustrating for the patient every bit good as to people around. Everyday scientists are developing new methods and medicines to handle depression more efficaciously, but no medicines can of all time be relied on for 100 % recovery. The patient has to desire to acquire better and besides needs emotional support from household members. Without these 2 factors playing a large function in recovery, the sick person will likely retreat wholly from society and this could perchance ensue in decease! Bibliography 1. # 8220 ; Depression. # 8221 ; Encyclopedia Britannica: Micropedia. Vol 4. 1992. 2. Nemeroff, Charles B. # 8220 ; The Neurobiology of Depression. # 8221 ; Scientific American. On-line. Internet. 26 April 1998. Available: www.sciam.com 3. Peterson, Shelly. # 8220 ; Unmasking Depression. # 8221 ; Journal of Consulting A ; Clinical Psychology. V64. N6. Dec 1996. page 1417. 4. # 8220 ; Types. # 8221 ; Depression.com. On-line. Internet. 1998. Available: www.depression.com ( parts 3 A ; 13 ) . 5. # 8220 ; Anti-Depressants. # 8221 ; The Gerontologist. V38. N2. April 1998. P247.

Writing APA Essays With an Updated Sample

Writing APA Essays With an Updated SampleThe Sample APA Style (or Application) APA for the tenth edition is called 'The Tenth Edition of the Style Manual, or The APA Tenth Edition of the Style Manual.' A lot of people have complained about this. They say that they did not know they had to have the new one, and many of them are unaware that it was just recently changed. They are not, however, unaware that the old edition has the same APA Style APA for the eighth edition, which is more than a year old.It is very likely that they do not even know that they have an older edition of the APA Style. You may be surprised by this. In fact, you probably already know that the APA Style is sometimes called the old APA, as well as the tenth edition, but perhaps you do not know that the APA Style for the eighth edition is an older edition than the seventh edition.I am sure you realize the irony of that, so here is another example. You probably know that the APA Style is the oldest and most reputab le style in the English language, and you probably also know that the APA style has been adopted for the purpose of standardization. Nevertheless, you may not realize that the ninth edition, which was published in 1974, is actually the third edition of the style manual, with the tenth edition being the fifth edition.Some professors of college courses are really careful about adding the tenth edition of the style manual to their syllabi. After all, they do not want students to be confused as to what version of the APA is being used at their university. To keep this from happening, it is best to use the sample APA style essay for the tenth edition and reference the third edition or fifth edition of the style guide.On the other hand, some professors are not quite as concerned about this issue, and they are comfortable using the sample APA style essay for the tenth edition. In addition, the older editions of the APA style guide are slightly less reputable, and even though the newer edit ion might be a bit more straightforward, many professors might find the older editions to be a little more professional and less confusing.You should consider which edition of the APA style manual is going to work best for your course if you are preparing for the APA tenth edition of the course. In some cases, it might be best to follow the third edition, since it was published four years after the tenth edition, but in other cases, you might need to follow the fifth edition of the style guide. Your professor should help you choose which edition to use and you should decide whether or not the older editions will give you a better idea of what to expect when you are trying to write the APA essay.If you do not have a professor helping you, then you should ask the college or university in which you are enrolling to provide you with sample essays, if they have chosen to offer such a course, so that you can practice what to write as much as possible before the semester begins. Doing this will help you avoid any problems when you are writing the essay.Remember that the tenth edition of the APA style guide is fairly straightforward, and that you can use it as a good model when you are writing the APA essay for the tenth edition. It will be the same rulebook that you already know and use when you write for the AP Exam, but now it will have been professionally updated and revised, so you should have no trouble writing the APA essay on time.

Factors affecting employees performance

Introduction The depths of individual human beings as well as their devotion to deliver tremendous output in the operation of an organisation contribute immensely in the competitive ability of the firm. In fact, the performance levels of an organisation’s personnel play significant roles in increasing competitive advantage of the firm. Several factors affect employees’ job performance. For instance, motivations, rewards, compensation systems among other factors are considered as influencers on employee performance (Armstrong and Baron 13).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Factors affecting employees’ performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, the tasks carried out by individuals and the way, in which the work is done, describe the employees’ outputs as well as the general organisation’s performance. As such, organisations apply a number of grounds in the evalu ation of employee performance management. In essence, trait-based, behaviour-based and outcome-based performance procedures are critical output measures of employees within an organisation. The discussion will focus on three major factors affecting the performance of workforce within an organisation. Motivation Firms often apply different concepts and models to explain how motivation increases the employees’ performance. In fact, employees are highly motivated when their interests are taken into consideration. In essence, the driving force behind any employee’s performance is enthusiasm. Therefore, any organisation must adopt practices that inspire personnel to increase their productivity. As indicated, various models of motivation are often utilised by organisations to implement employees’ management procedures that encourage work performances (Beck 76). In most cases, organisations utilise suppositions including the theories of scientific management, human rel ations, human needs and goal setting to put in place appropriate practices that increase motivation and influence employees’ performance. The organisation can use the combination of these theories to establish performance management practices that would end up motivating the workforce. The models of motivation and performance management practices The scientific management hypothesis asserts that employees are inspired exclusively by the remuneration they get from the labour they offer. In fact, proper remunerations are the greatest motivators in any work environment. Essentially, the employees of the corporation are highly motivated by proper remuneration and huge perks offered by the organisation (Beck 76). Moreover, the management holds the belief that employees must be well treated in order to increase productivity. In addition, the theory argues that the employees do not obviously like work. Therefore, they will always equate compensation and the amount of work done. In t he circumstances that the perceived compensation equals or exceeds the quantity of work, the employees will be highly motivated.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, human relations concept stresses on the importance of society’s requirements to employees’ motivation. In other words, the theory argues that the personnel are not only inspired by the remunerations but also by social needs during the execution of responsibilities. The concept concentrates on the bosses’ role of recognising employees as people with valuable views as well as their pleasure in relations with one another (Beck 78). In addition, managers are supposed to put more consideration on employees’ social needs. In reality, employees should be given opportunity to provide suggestions on how they can achieve the objectives of the assigned tasks. The allusion that emp loyees are allowed to set own goals and targets as well as the organisation’s responsibility helps workers achieve own set of goals. Further, in a firm, the management teams are supposed to inspire and empower the employees towards the attainment of the set objectives. The theory of human needs centres on the workers’ emotional desires. As a result, there are five levels of needs required by the employees in order to fulfil their wants. The idea proposed a hierarchy of needs varying from essential and physiological needs such as hunger, to the elevated ranked ones including self–esteem as well as self-actualisation. In fact, the recognition of such needs by employers leads to improved outcomes (Shields 181). The acceptance by employees that the organisation takes care of their essential needs indicates the application of the model in workers management and development. The benefits offered by the organisation provide essential as well as other needs of the emplo yees. Most importantly, working in the organisation provides employees with the self-actualisation. In fact, self-actualisation is attained in various ways within the organisation including the ability to set personal goals and ways, through which they can be achieved (Shields 182). The organisation must establish a set of programs that value workers together with their efforts. Goal-setting model also motivates the employees. The model argues that the attainment of the objectives of assigned tasks depends largely on the task performance. According to the model, employees will always pursue challenging and specific tasks with clear feedback. In essence, the set goals define individual employees’ efforts required to perform the given task. The model works well in an environment where employees set their own goals and work out ways, through which such objectives can be attained. Allowing employees to perform own job evaluation also indicates the application of the model. Furthe r, the employees are left to suggest the best ways, through which they can achieve their own objectives (Shields 182). Through the practice, employees are encouraged to perform as leaders and in effect motivate themselves towards attaining the goals of both individual and the organisation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Factors affecting employees’ performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivational practices that influence work performance Drawing from the suppositions, appropriate practices that increase motivation and influence employees’ performance are developed. In fact, the organisation has to put in place appropriate compensation and reward system that motivate employees towards attaining the desired outcome. Employees will be highly motivated and increase their performance when the compensation practice applied by the organisation is perceived to be fair (Beck 82). In other words, employees will be motivated when the perceived compensation equals or exceeds the quantity of work. Essentially, compensation is one of the practices that organisation should adopt to attain increased employees’ performance. Most importantly, organisations have to consider the employees contribution on the attainment of the organisation’s goals. As indicated in the human relations theory, employees should be given opportunity to provide suggestions on how they can achieve the objectives of the assigned tasks. Moreover, the organisation’s practice that recognises the emotional and basic needs of workforce leads to improved employees’ outcomes. Besides, organisation management should set clear goals that are attainable in order to motivate employees. Employees will always be motivated when they pursue challenging and specific tasks with clear feedback (Beck 82). The management structure and leadership styles of the organisation Management structures The relationship between the leadership style of the organisation and employees’ performance is direct. In addition, the management structure directly affects employees’ job commitments that have greater influence on the performances. Essentially, management structure and leadership style of an organisation have a greater influence on the performance of employees (Armstrong and Baron 21). Moreover, the management structure and leadership style the organisation adopts have significant influence on the general performance of the organisation. Currently, organisations tend to implement management structures and the leadership styles that tend to motivate workers thereby increasing their output. In other words, several management practices are currently being adopted by the organisations to motivate their employees, which in turn contribute to increased performance. The first motivating management practice is the adoption of cross-functional management structure. Most imp ortantly, the cross-functional management structure encourages the astral managerial leadership and innovativeness among the organisation’s employees (Shields 202). The management structure often determines the type of leadership style that have direct impact on the employees’ behaviour and the general output of the organisation.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, the management and the organisation structures determine the culture of the organisation. As such, organisations tend to pursue cultural and moral principles as well as practices that motivate and increase the employees’ output. In fact, organisations should entrench moral principles that emphasise employees’ motivation as well as enhancing the general output of the firm. Employees’ management practices such as encouraging individual accountability have been found to encourage employees to effectively perform the assigned tasks resulting in increased outcome (Shields 202). However, such practices have to be adopted within the moral principles determined by the management structure and the leadership style. Studies on the relationship between employees’ performance and responsibility indicate that personal accountability combined with freedom to operate explains individual innovativeness that encourages employees to do extra work not only fo r the organisation but also for personal goals. The practice of encouraging individual responsibility among employees is highly applicable within the cross-functional management structure. Generally, organisations should adopt management models and leadership styles that aim to increase the output of employees, which in turn augments the general output of the organisation. In fact, models of management that focus on the improvement of employees’ output as well as individual development increase the competitive advantage to the organisation (Armstrong and Baron 23). Most modern organisations have adopted the cross-functional management due to its effect on employees’ improvement and the accompanied astral leadership style. Astral leadership style allows cross-functional management practices that encourage work processes and motivate employees. Moreover, the cross-functional models are aided by the open communication system that limits the organisational structure spectr um. Essentially, the corporate organisation management model offers a sense of responsibility to the workers and the result is the greater contribution to the organisation’s objectives. In other words, the management model should result in increased employees’ performance. The cross-functional model fulfils such requirements (Shields 211). As such, the cross-functional model becomes one of the management structures that encourage employees’ performance resulting in increased productivity of the organisation. Moreover, cross-functional model increases the leadership and management competencies resulting in additional competitive advantaged to the organisation. Leadership style As indicated, leadership style plays a critical role in the motivation of employees. The management and leadership style should remove obstacles that alienate employees from work processes. In other words, the leadership style should encourage employees towards attaining the desired outcome (Kirchmer 341). In most cases, organisations considered as high achievers adopt leadership styles that create positive changes and inspire employees towards attaining the goals of the organisation. For instance, transformational type of managing employees is one such style of leadership. Transformational leadership is characterised by its inspirational nature and positive changes it creates in an organisation. In order to achieve increased performance among employees, organisations often adopt leadership styles that take into consideration the concerns of employees. In addition, the leadership styles should be focused on encouraging workforce to attain the goals of the organisation. In fact, the leadership style should be geared towards creating positive change among employees. Studies indicate that performance attributes of employees increase when their concerns are greatly considered by the organisation’s management (Shields 212). Moreover, to remain competitive, organisat ions require leadership style where members of the team are encouraged to attain the desired results on the assigned tasks. Further, to become extremely motivated, leaders have to impart the vision of the group and take into consideration the members’ contribution in the attainment of the results (Armstrong and Baron 31). Besides, leaders should have greater vision as well as inspirational characteristics, which are applied to motivate and change the expectations as well as perceptions of employees to work towards the desired goals and outcomes. Essentially, there is need to raise optimism among employees to attain the required output. Moreover, the management needs to inspire employees towards attaining the desired outcome of the organisation. In addition, organisations need visionary leaders to inspire and motivate employees towards attaining the desired outcome. Such characteristics are majorly found in the transformational type of leadership styles. As indicated, leadersh ip styles play a critical role in enhancing employees’ performance. Generally, the organisation management structure and leadership styles are factors that significantly affect the performance of employees. The reason is that the two variables are directly related to the employees’ behaviours, which further affect the outcome of the organisation. Compensation Compensation and reward system of an organisation remains to be one of the important factors that contribute to the improved work performances among employees. Among the factors that influence employee’s performances, compensation directly affects the performances of employees and remains critical in the attainment of the organisation’s goals. Therefore, when an organisation is deciding on the best compensation strategy, factors such as employees’ needs and feelings have to be considered (Kirchmer 337). In other words, employees have diverse needs that organisations have to put into considerat ion while determining effective rewards. Essentially, employees will consider compensation as effective when the types of rewards meet their primary objectives. Often, the central argument is that a fair rewards system satisfies the needs of employees, motivates and improves performances. Therefore, compensation and employees’ work performance are directly related. Moreover, the most excellent compensation practices take into account internal business processes as well as environmental competitiveness. Internal balance in the compensation practices and design implies the organisation’s activities and practices that ensure the attainment of goals. Besides, the internal business processes include employees’ performance management practices that form the core basis of compensation (Kirchmer 345). On the other hand, external competitiveness encompasses compensation practices in relation to industrial standards or regulatory framework. In most cases, compensation pra ctices follow the regulatory frameworks set by the industry or legal authority. However, the organisation must ensure that its compensation practices are geared towards enhancing employee’s motivation and attaining set goals in order to gain competitive advantage (Kirchmer 341). In other words, compensation practices must be aligned with the employee’s general productivity as well as motivation. As such, the primary goal of compensation practices of an organisation is to motivate employees and improve their performances. On the part of employees, increased compensation and benefits ensure augmented productivity due to the satisfaction they receive from such benefits. Well-compensated employees feel protected from social ills that may affect the work processes, which in turn may result in decreased performance (Armstrong and Baron 231). In other words, compensation and benefits that take into consideration the needs of workers are critical in increased performance and t he general output of the employees. The general assertion is that there is direct correlation between appropriate compensation and increased productivity among employees. Essentially, compensation has a direct impact on the employees’ performances. Compensation and employees’ output One of the major effects of compensation is that employees are motivated to attain the greater output. Good remunerations increase the worker’s motivation and job commitment that are translated into high performances (Ismail 923). The forms of compensation also enhance the performance culture among the employees. However, these forms of compensation can hardly be determined without appropriate measurement procedures on job performance and output. Besides, increased efficiency cannot be divorced from employees’ high performance and attainment of the organisation goals. Appropriate compensation raises performance among workers. In fact, increased performances result from augment ed motivation workers gain from appropriate compensation (Armstrong and Baron 231). The increased impetus adds to efficacy and competencies needed to improved performance. The effect is greater productivity and the attainment of the overall goals of the organisation. Essentially, the major effect of appropriate compensation design system is the increased performance, productivity within the workforce and the general attainment of the organisation’s goals. Compensation and employees’ performance management Compensation also influences the general employees’ performance management procedures. The employees’ efficiency and effectiveness can be enhanced through appropriate compensation. In this case, appropriate compensation implies that the it should be based on the market rate. In other words, suitable compensation that has effect on the workers’ attitude and motivation should be above the market rate. Effective compensation indicates the manner in w hich the organisation values its workers as well as their needs (Ismail 929). In addition, effective compensation increases productivity as well as the general performance of the organisation. In general, compensation system and design communicate the values and beliefs of the organisation regarding the performance. Performance-based compensation and improved workers’ output The performance-related pay covers various forms of employees’ compensations that take into consideration the output of individual workers. In other words, workers are compensated according to the individual performance. The performance-based pay is applied in the circumstances where workers can easily show a discrepancy in their productivity depending on the individual endeavour. In such situations, performance-based pay is believed to have greater chance of increasing workers performance (Ismail 923). One of the major advantages with all these forms of payments is that the employees are motivated to attain the greater output. Moreover, the forms of compensation also enhance the performance culture among the employees within the organisation. Conclusion Many factors affect job performances among employees within the organisation. However, motivation, compensation and the organisation management structure as well as leadership style remain critical factors that influence the work performances. The relationship between motivation and work performance is direct. The likelihood of attaining increased performance on motivated employees is very high. In other words, there is high likelihood of attaining increased performance on highly motivated employees. On the other hand, compensation increases job commitment and satisfaction, which are critical in determining the performance of employees. Moreover, management structure, practices and leadership styles culminate all the organisation’s work processes that motivate, increase satisfaction and job commitment leading to increa sed performance. Works Cited Armstrong, Michael and Angela Baron. Managing performance: performance management in action, UK: CIPD, 2005. Print. Beck, Robert C. Motivation: Theories and Principles. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2000. Print. Ismail, Azman. â€Å"Relationship between Performances based pay features and job satisfaction: Does interactional justice act as a mediating role?† Academy of Management Journal, 35.5 (2007): 921-955. Print. Kirchmer, Mathias. High performance through process excellence: turning strategy into operations – smart and fast. Berlin: springer-Verlag, 2009. Print. Shields, John. Managing employees performance and reward – concepts, practices and strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Print. This research paper on Factors affecting employees’ performance was written and submitted by user Alicia R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

De las casas

De las casas In the late fifteenth century, 1492, the Americas were discovered. What was to be a year later, the first "so-called" Christians settled on a plentiful island called Hispaniola. The Spaniards, as they were called, then systematically proceeded to slaughter the native people of "New Spain" and also devastate and depopulate the land.Following the discovery of the Americas, the Spaniards began to journey to the new land on the pretence of spreading the word of God. However, they intentionally failed to accomplish this task. The motivations of these barbaric men were not divinely inspired; on the contrary, their grounds were purely egoistic. The Spaniards began their carnage on, compared to what was to come, a light note. They took native "women and children both as servants and to satisfy their own base appetites." (Las Casas, Pg.14) Later they recognised that gold was in abundance and opted to massacre the native tribes in order to get it.English: ImageThe Spaniards began to slowly ann ihilate the Indies with many sorts of torturous tactics. During this horrific process they also chose to enslave substantial amounts of natives. One could argue that the Spaniards viewed the Indians as an inferior race that was placed on earth to serve the superior race: the Europeans. This can be argued effectively because the Christians had no regard whatsoever for the Native's humanity. The Spaniards literally treated dogs with more dignity than they did with the Indians.The "Defender and Apostle to the Indians" (xiii), Bartolome de Las Casas, did not represent the same views as the Spaniards. "Las Casas's entire life was dedicated to demonstrating the truth of [the atrocities], first to his king, then to the royal administration- the Council of the Indies- and then to the world at large." (xvii) Las Casas believed...

THE ARGUMENTS SURROUNDING ROLE OF WOMEN IN CHURCH LEADERSHIP Essay

THE ARGUMENTS SURROUNDING ROLE OF WOMEN IN CHURCH LEADERSHIP - Essay Example However, the dissenting side of this argument takes texts such as Galatians 3:28 which states, â€Å"There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus† (NIV). Such a text stands in stark contrast to the other previously mentioned texts which seem to speak out with regards to the role of women in positions of church leadership (Shade 2008, p. 25). As such, in order to reconcile such differing interpretations, the role of the Christian should be to seek to find the common ground that Christ’s example led while on earth. Whereas the disciples were merely representations of the Holy Spirit’s voice, Christ during his earthy ministry was the ultimate representation of the will of the Father. However, during his time on earth Jesus ultimately refrained from making broad or sweeping judgments that would segregate the sexes with regards to what functions they could perform (Bates 2011, p. 7). Instead, there are numerous instances in which he actively sought to promote the equality of women throughout a very tribal and primitive culture to which he ministered. For such a reason, it is the belief of this author that texts such as Galat ians 3:28 should be held as the ultimate standard for whether or not women should be able to be considered for positions of church leadership (Hamman 2010, p.

Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employment law - Essay Example This could also be held to be unreasonable behavior. A general rule has been set out in the case of General Billposting Co Ltd v Atkinson1 it was held that there may be instances where an employer has behaved so badly towards an employee that the employee can treat his employment contract as if it is at an end. When this is the case, the employer may not be able to impose any post termination restrictive covenant on the employee, because the contract has been ended as a result of the employer’s own fault, hence he will not have the right to demand that the employee adhere to any conditions post employment. Thus, on this basis, Ali has grounds to contest the sudden change in the contract that has been made by Balmoral. It must also be noted that there may have been certain terms implied in Ali’s original contract, such as the duty of an employee not to work for competitors, even during off duty hours, as also stated in the cases of Hivac Ltd v Park Royal Scientific Instruments Ltd2and Provident Financial Group plc v Hayward.3 Ali’s original contract with Balmoral would have already included the implicit restriction on working for competitors, therefore the grounds for Balmoral instituting a new contract may itself be subject to dispute. In general, once an employment contract has been entered into with an employee, an employer may not change the terms without first obtaining the consent of the employee.4 Unless the original contract Ali had with Balmoral allows the flexibility of changing contractual terms, Balmoral will be required to follow the correct procedure and offer the terms to Ali, who is at liberty to accept or reject them. Balmoral’s dismissal of Ali on the grounds of refusal to accept new terms may give rise to grounds for a breach of contract. Even assuming that the new contract was deemed necessary after the recent incidences of poaching staff, it will be difficult for

Europeanization Case Essay Example for Free

Europeanization Case Essay INTRODUCTION A number of related phenomena and changing patterns have been referred as Europeanization by many experts and professionals in their different studies and researches in this field. Outside of the social sciences, when a European continental identity grows, it is commonly referred as the definition of the Europeanization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this case, national identities, countries, and polities in the European continent are regarded as growing under the banner of Europeanization. When the organizational logic of national politics allows the political and economic dynamics of the European Union to become its part, it might also refer as the process of Europeanization. Policy-making in this governmental judgment has also been included in the definition of the Europeanization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Within a European context, national, regional, and other identities are re-defined by the leading of European governance at its various levels by the institutional interaction of policy actors, as posits by a more nuanced analysis. In this regard, opposition is not usually seen among the multiple levels of governance in the continent of Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this way, a stronger, strengthened, and the United States is found to be gathering collectively under the name of Europeanization. In the result, identification of these European states is being done collectively, rather than identifying them as German, French, etc, as it was done in the past by different European states in the continent   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Institutions of Europe consist of an obvious area of change in them particularly. In addition, the growth of the European Union has also been changed during the process of Europeanization. In this case, the European Central Bank has been provided with the monetary policy of various nations that have been using the euro as their national currency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this regard, Spain is one of the European countries that have gone through the process of Europeanization since many years, and a full European government has been eventually lead by the continuing process of Europeanization in the country. In this study, we will try to understand the process of Europeanization from the case study of Spain. Government, politics, and culture of the Spain will be focused, in order to understand the significance of Europeanization, as well as, the European Union in the continent of Europe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An example of pacific democratization has been underlined by the establishment of democratic model, as well as, after the Franco’s death during the transition of the Spain. A unique example has been highlighted by the abovementioned in this regard. The devolution of competencies concerning the different regions has been achieved by the first steps of autonomous communities’ concept and system in the Spain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the last years, appearance of regional statutes has been done in different reforms due to high extent of strong questioning than ever before. In one’s perception, more competencies and decentralization have being claimed by the regional powers. Almost independent projects have been covered by these reforms. The Spanish parliament rejected Ibarretxe’s Plan on February 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the main points of the new statutes are the equality between autonomous communities and countries, empowering the self-government, and nationality in the region. As the central-state in shape of unique actor in international matters has been recognized by the Spanish constitution only, one of the most problematic aspects has been the direct international representation of the Spain in the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this sense, some of the aspects that conflict between the regional forces and central state are the implementation and decision-making processes of the European Union. The autonomous communities have been influenced by one of the most influential factors with the help of the regional policy of the European level, even after twenty years of association with the European Union by the Spain. EUROPEAN INTEGRATION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The barriers of national state of Spain have been over gone by the integration process of Europeanization in the continent. In 1988, the structural funds were reformed during the process. In this process, the commission, the concerned member states, and the recognized and designated competent authorities have consulted closely, in order to define the term partnership. In this case, the problems and priorities of targeted regions were familiarizing with the local, as well as, the regional actors, in order to create the efficiency of the regional policy through the abovementioned local and regional involvement by an attempt of the partnership principle. In this case, the regions were given the chance and opportunities for the first time to create their own regional policy, rather than following one in the region. From the beginning of the text, this point was reinforced by the Treaty of Maastricht. According to this treaty, the citizens of the continent were encouraged to become closer, in order to make effective decisions in the region, and to recognize the objective based on united Europe, rather than for individual states. Therefore, the structures would not be left equally in the European Union by the expansion of actors in it. In this case, private spheres were also included along with the regional actors during the expansion. In the result, the complex system of transnational decision-making has been integrated in the continent of the Europe. In this regard, the wider framework of European policy system has been provided to these regional and national states, in order to defend and represent their interest in the continent. The process of the combination of different European states with the Spain has been referred as the sandwich model by some authors. However, the Spain has faced the lost of territorial sovereignty, but in the European level, its regional position has been strengthened and revaluated during the process of Europeanization. In the European level, the empowerment of regional actors has not only been faced by the Spanish national state, however, it has also been faced within its own barriers. In other words, the territorial space and the functional space have been facing a friction in the Spanish state. Newly functional bonds have been replaced by the long existing territorial lies in the region. In the Spain, the concept of government has been widened with that of the governance due to this continuous process of Europeanization in the region. At the same time, the role of national governments, and particularly Spain, has been strengthened by the regional policy of the European Union in the region. In this regard, the policy-making and decision-making opportunities have been given to the Spanish national state by the European Union. PARTICIPATION OF AUTONOMOUS COMMUNITIES IN EUROPEANIZATION The process of Europeanization has been made difficult by the weak territorial framework, as well as, the institutions. In the last twenty years, an initial competitive adaptive strategy has been replaced by the autonomous communities, in which, each competencies against the central state has been preserved by each region. Some of the examples of this moving from an initial strategy are the new framework of 2004, which were created in the CARCE, as well as, the Inter-ministerial Conference on the European Affairs, which was held in the year 1988. The transfer of both national and regional competencies has been allowed by the Spanish constitution, as well as, its legal framework to the European level. In this regard, the consent of the autonomous communities has not been required during the transformation. In this case, the regional powers and central state have gone through a feeling of friction between them. At the beginning of the Europeanization process, the losing of competencies was not concerned by the autonomous competencies in their important fields of agriculture, fishery, industry, etc. Even they felt that competencies were regained by the central state by the utilization of transfer power, and by implementing community law to the autonomous communities. The central administration and regional governments came under the competitive situation due to the abovementioned reason, which occurred during the 80s, as well as, in the beginning of 90s in region. Therefore, the abovementioned are some of the factors that changed the situation of Spain during the process of Europeanization in the region, and which changed the perception of local, as well as, the regional states in the continent.    AGREEMENT OF 1985   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1985, the Spain accessed to the European Council, before which, European policy-making was analyzed, in order to find the coordination and cooperation inter-governmentally in the central regions. In the implementation of European legal acts, the Spanish regions were tried to participate by the regulation of proposal of the central administration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In relation with the Spanish stage, the distribution of responsibilities was proposed by the Spanish government, where the European policies were transposed by the central state, while the practice was put on by the autonomous communities. The project of agreement of 1985 was not found to be so specific during the decision-making process in the European level. However, this agreement is considered as one of the important aspects during the transformation of Spanish government into a unified European state. SPANISH GOVERNMENT’S SECOND PROPOSAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the rejection of the first proposal in 1985, second proposal was given by the Spanish legal framework in the year 1986. In this proposal, some considerations of the first proposal that was failed were taken by the Spanish central-administration. Domestic policy-making was proposed by the Spain, in order to distribute the responsibilities effectively in the region.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the decision making stage, the regional governments were provided with all European governments as per the proposal of Spanish government. The competencies, their interests, and their related information were also provided in this second proposal of the Spain. Interestingly, the idea of an inter-autonomous coordination body was the most interesting and fascinating point of the second proposal of the Spain, which was affected the proud culture of the Spain, which was usually depended on its domestic policies, rather than depending on the responsibilities and actions of the regional states in the region. SPANISH GOVERNMENT’S THIRD PROPOSAL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The conditions of the 1986 project were kept similar in the third draft of the Spanish government regarding the European policies in the Spain, as well as, in the other regional states. However, the participation of autonomous communities changed in the level of decision-making. In this proposal, the idea of an inter-autonomous coordinating body was dropped by the Spain, and a possible forum was seen as the Sectarian Conferences. However, new inter-governmental coordination mechanism was allowed for the discussion in this third proposal of the Spain. INTERGOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the rejection of all the three proposals of the Spanish government regarding the participation of autonomous communities in the implementation of the European policies, an institutionalized dialogue was created by partial agreements, known as the intergovernmental agreements. Therefore, the Inter-ministerial Conference on the European Affairs was created on December 1988. The three basic principles were formulated in the second session of this conference in the year 1989.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to these principles, the central state belong the exclusive competence regarding its foreign relations with the regional bodies of the region. Secondly, the internal distribution of the competencies must not be affected by the accession of Spanish government in the European Union. Thirdly, the second session formulated that the legal framework of the Spanish Constitution should be followed by the central state during the exercise of their competencies. PROCEDURAL FRAMEWORK IN 1994 Finally, intrastate participation of autonomous communities was provided by a comprehensive agreement of the Spanish government, the European Union policies were implemented in the decision making level as per the agreement. The principle of unity in external representation was respected by the new agreement. In this way, the autonomous participation was allowed in their different fields of agriculture, environment, employment, fishery, health, social policies, education, etc. In addition, youth and culture were also given a significance importance, in order to keep their significant magnitude in the region. CONCLUSION In the Spanish recent history, the relation and act of the two processes that are, Europeanization, and decentralization have been observed parallel with each other. In the result, the problems of intrusion and conflict have been caused most of the time between the regional and central-state governments. In the last years, one of the most important questions have been faced by the European Union regarding its integration process, which is the question of democracy, as the reflection of France and Netherlands have been observed in the shape of their constitutional referendums. Conclusively, the process of Europeanization can be understood interestingly by the example of the Spanish reality in asymmetrical states. The governance in European Union level and its work can be extrapolated in this sense. Lastly, we have tried our best to define, understand, and discuss the meaning of Europeanization with the case study of Spain and its central state, as well as, their different proposals regarding the Europeanization in the region.                         Works Cited Robert Harmsen. Europeanization. Rodopi, 2000. Paul Christopher Manuel. Spain and Portugal in the European Union. Routledge, 2004. Harold C. Raley. The Spirit of Spain. Halcyon Press Limited, 2001. Elena de La Souchere. An Explanation of Spain. Random House, 1964. Borzel. States and Regions in the European Union. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Rosamond. Theories of European Integration. St. Marin’s Press, New York, 2000. Aalberts. The Future of Sovereignty in Multilevel Governance Europe. JCMS, 2004. Luis Moreno. The Federalization of Spain. Routledge, 2001.